Defending Iraq's Water

Iraqi Academic Association in UK held a two day meeting 2-3 July 2016 in London UK. The subject of the meeting was “Defending Iraq’s Water”

I could not attend the meeting so I sent them the letter hereunder.

Sirs,

I was an adviser to two successive governments in Iraqi Kurdistan (2010-15) during which time I repeatedly raised my concerns over the seriously decreasing water levels in the Tigris and Euphrates. It is well known that Iran dammed or diverted 23 rivers, streams and creeks that entered Iraq along its border from the North to the Shat Al Arab. This had a disastrous effect on all agriculture along the eastern side of Iraq, particularly fruit orchards, not to mention water supplies to villages and towns and the salinity of the Shat Al Arab waters.

I am sorry to say that my words fell on deaf ears and no politician In Baghdad or Erbil raised the issue with Iran, while Iran is happy to sell Iraq the products of Iranian agriculture and thereby have a control over Iraq's food security.

To intensify the growing problem of Iraq's water supplies the Turks are building numerous dams across the Tigris and Euphrates, matters which I have raised on my blog, www.iraqswaters.com/.The latest dam they are building is the Ilisu dam across the Tigris which will be equivalent in size to the Rennaissance dam that the Ethiopians are constructing across the Blue Nile river. These dams will both hold back around 8 - 10 billion cubic metres of water and while the Ethiopian dam is some 50 Km from the Sudanese border the Turkish dam is the same distance away from the Iraqi border.

The difference between these two dams is that the Ethiopian enterprise has caused uproar in Egypt and threats to bomb the dam as it will threaten their vital water supply. However there has been no reaction in Iraq other that some petitions from non government organisations in Baghdad which have been ignored. Officially, in Iraq, the responsibility for water, lies with the Minister for Foreign Affairs. Following the fall of Saddam the ministerial post was held by Hoshiar Zibari for almost 11 years but I have never met him, even in my capacity of KRG adviser for food security and water, nor have I heard of him talking about water. His successor was Mr Ibrahim Jaffari who, on television, revealed his ignorance on the sources of the waters entering Iraq!

Although I was a KRG adviser I had to privately arrange to take part in meetings, arranged by the Blue Peace organisation, which took place in the House of Lords, London, and at the head offices of the Zamman newspaper in Istanbul. That newspaper has now been closed down by Erdogan. In both meetings I had newspaper cuttings, in Arabic and English, plus photographs showing dried up river beds. I raised the issue, which I think you need to consider in your meeting, that Turkey had offered to sell 1.6 million hectares of agricultural land (equivalent to 6.4 million Donums) in south east Turkey to the Gulf States. This land would be supplied by the waters that Turkey would remove from their dams on the Tigris and Euphrates and thereby depriving Iraq, and Syria to a degree, of the water their agriculture and people depended on. Both these meeting were attended by a large number of Turks, including ex-Ministers and people at director level. All of these people reiterated the slogan that Turkey has used for the last three decades 'Water is a commodity that can be sold.' These are very dangerous words, especially for Iraq but also for all human life, and violate human rights. I produced evidence that Erdogan's Minister of Finance, Mohamed Shamshek, and his Minister of Agriculture, Mehdi Ecare, had been shuttling back and fore between Ankara and the Gulf States to broker a deal. This was reported in the Gulf newspapers and on the internet yet there was no response from Iraq. During the Istanbul meeting the Turkish Director General for Water questioned the validity of my data and suggesting that I was exaggerating the figures. He stated, in front of all those present, that I could not be trusted as the figure of 1.6 million hectares was wrong because Turkey had only been offering 1.2 million hectares to the Gulf States! His statement resulted in laughter from his audience which included editors from the Iraqi newspapers, New Sabah, New Kurdistan, Sabah and Meda and it was reported in Iraq.  

These encounters led to me being excluded from further meetings to avoid embarrassing the Turkish contingent while my full reports to the Prime Minister in Erbil were left to gather dust.

While nothing is done Iraq’s water supplies are drying up and the water table of the land is dropping. The fertile crescent is fast diminishing and the time will come when dry river beds are all that is left of the great rivers of Iraq.

Please keep me informed and I do not mind if my letter was read in your meeting.

Wishing you all the best and a successful meeting.     

The Water Wars Waged by the Islamic State

Stratfor

 NOVEMBER 25, 2015

 Ambika Vishwanath

The Islamic State's use of natural resources to achieve its strategic goals is nothing new. Oil, one of the group's biggest sources of funding, plays an especially important role in its calculations — something the countries fighting the Islamic State are increasingly coming to realize. And they have begun to adjust their target sets accordingly. The United States and France, for example, have begun to launch airstrikes against the group's oil trucks and distribution centers, hoping to hamper its ability to pay for its military operations.

But what is less talked about, although no less important, is the Islamic State's use of water in its fight to establish a caliphate. Its tactics have brought water to the forefront of the conflict in Iraq and Syria, threatening the very existence of the people living under its oppressive rule. If the Islamic State's opponents do not move to sever the group's hold over Iraqi and Syrian water sources — and soon — it may prove difficult to liberate the region from the Islamic State's hold in the long term.

An Age-Old Conflict

Civilizations have long battled for access to water and founded their empires around great rivers. Historians believe that the ancient Sumerian city of Ur was favored by the empires that followed for its abundance of water and its proximity to the Persian Gulf. Other accounts say the city's inhabitants abandoned it amid severe droughts and the drying up of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Today, drought and low rainfall compete with the manmade disaster of terrorism to destroy the same, once-fertile swathe of land stretching along the two rivers.

Governments and non-state actors alike have used water as a weapon for centuries. While the number of full-blown wars over water resources has been lower than one might expect, given how critical water is to any population's survival, smaller conflicts have been numerous, destructive and deadly. The Middle East has fallen prey to this competition in recent years as states and groups have increasingly shifted from simply cutting off water supplies for a short period of time to diverting water flows or completely draining supplies in an attempt to threaten or coerce consumers.

The Islamic State is no exception. Since the group began expanding its territorial claims in western Syria, it has used water as a tool in its broader strategy of advancing and establishing control over new land. True, the Islamic State has also (and perhaps more visibly) targeted strategic oil and natural gas fields in both Syria and Iraq, but a close look at the group's movements clearly indicates that the Tigris and Euphrates rivers hold a central role in its planning. Recognition of the Islamic State's intention to organize its new caliphate around the Tigris-Euphrates Basin may prove helpful in the long-term fight against the group.

In 2012, the Islamic State emerged from the power vacuum created by the Syrian civil war and made its presence known in the western city of Aleppo. It had little in common with Syria's other rebel groups, which were primarily focused on fighting the forces of Syrian President Bashar al Assad for regime change. Instead, the Islamic State was a terrorist organization with a clear agenda and strategy: It wanted to build an Islamic caliphate that would, from its perspective, follow the truest form of Islam as decreed by the Prophet Mohammed. Over the following year, the group moved quickly and decisively, cutting a path through Syria and toward Iraq, capturing the key towns of Maskana, Raqqa, Deir el-Zour and al-Bukamal  — all of which are positioned along the Euphrates River.

The Iraqi front didn't look much different; the Islamic State easily captured the river towns of Qaim, Rawah, Ramadi and Fallujah, two of which (Rawah and Ramadi) gave the group direct access to two of Iraq's major lakes, Haditha Dam Lake and Lake Tharthar. Meanwhile, the Islamic State pursued a similar strategy along the Tigris River, successfully capturing Mosul and Tikrit and attempting to seize other towns and cities along the way. In Iraq the goal was Baghdad, from which the group could rule a caliphate encompassing Syria and Iraq. While the oil and natural gas fields it seized along the way were a means for the group to threaten military forces and make money, the bodies of water and infrastructure were a means to hold the entire region hostage.

Historically, the Euphrates and Tigris rivers have been an important source of contention between Turkey, Syria, Iraq and Iran. The lack of cooperation and coordination between these countries on sharing the mighty rivers has led to a failure to regulate their use and an overconsumption of resources.

 Consequently, any and all activity by upstream nations regarding the water resources carries the risk of agitating tensions with downstream countries. With no regional coordination and poor security along the rivers themselves, terrorist groups — including the Islamic State — have been able to use water as both a target and a weapon. Not only have they destroyed water-related infrastructure such as pipes, sanitation plants, bridges and cables connected to water installations, but they have also used water as an instrument of violence by deliberately flooding towns, polluting bodies of water and ruining local economies by disrupting electricity generation and agriculture.

Since 2013, the Islamic State has launched nearly 20 major attacks (as well countless smaller assaults) against Syrian and Iraqi water infrastructure. Some of these attacks include flooding villages, threatening to flood Baghdad, closing the dam gates in Fallujah and Ramadi, cutting off water to Mosul, and allegedly poisoning water in small Syrian towns, to name just a few. Most of these operations are aimed at government forces, designed to fight the military by using water as a weapon against them, though some targeted water infrastructure to disrupt troop movements. Such efforts also often have the added benefit of enhancing recruitment efforts; by allowing water to flow to towns sympathetic to the Islamic State's cause, or even by simply doing a better job of providing necessary services, the group can attract more men and women to its ranks.

With water at the core of its expansionist strategy, the Islamic State has also ensured that bodies of water and their corresponding infrastructure have moved to the forefront of the ongoing conflict in the Middle East. The control of major water resources and dams has, in turn, given the Islamic State a firm grip on the supplies used to support agriculture and electricity generation. Mosul Dam, for example, gave the Islamic State control over 75 percent of Iraq's electricity generation while it was in the group's possession. In 2014, when the group shut down Fallujah's Nuaimiyah Dam, the subsequent flooding destroyed 200 square kilometers (about 77 square miles) of Iraqi fields and villages. And in June 2015, the Islamic State closed the Ramadi barrage in Anbar province, reducing water flows to the famed Iraqi Marshes and forcing the Arabs living there to flee. While coalition and government forces in both countries have managed to recapture some key water sites, the threat of further damage persists.

At the same time, governments and militaries have used similar tactics to combat the Islamic State, closing the gates of dams or attacking water infrastructure under their control. But the Islamic State's fighters are not the only ones hurt by these efforts — the surrounding population suffers, too. The Syrian government has been repeatedly accused of withholding water, reducing flows or closing dam gates during its battles against the Islamic State or rebel groups, and it used the denial of clean water as a coercive tactic against many suburbs of Damascus thought to be sympathetic to the rebels.

Finding a Regional Solution

Because of its importance to both electricity generation and agricultural production, water has the power to run or ruin an economy. And since bodies of water often extend beyond any one country's borders, history shows that the competition for water resources can often only be settled peacefully through regional cooperation. Before Iraq and Syria deteriorated, and groups like the Islamic State arose, countries around the Tigris and Euphrates rivers had only each other to contend with. And in late 2010, the leaders of Turkey, Syria, Lebanon and Jordan appeared to be on the verge of making progress toward setting up an integrated economic region. The countries' leaders called for regionwide cooperation on tourism, banking, trade and other sectors, and could have laid the foundation for further agreements on the distribution of shared natural resources like water. Though ambitious, the ideas and sentiments behind the proposals had the power to transform the region.

But politics prevailed, as is so often the case, and in less than a year the moment was lost. Had Turkey, Iraq and Syria taken the opportunity to act while political conditions were favorable, they would have found it easier to collectively tackle the Islamic State's advance later on. Bodies of water could have been labeled regional commons and thus the collective responsibility of all parties, ensuring swifter reactions by the governments involved to protect the water and associated infrastructure from terrorism. This, in turn, would have better protected the people and areas surrounding the rivers and lakes in the region. Of course, it is easy to look back and lament actions not taken, but the point remains that there is still a chance for these countries to come together and start working collectively to protect the water resources they share. 

There is no doubt that the Islamic State has a very clear strategy, one that extends even beyond Syria and Iraq and into the wider region. The group has established bases throughout North Africa, following a similar path of controlling key resources and using them as weapons against the populations and governments it seeks to coerce or destroy. It is time that nearby states and the international community re-examine what they know about the Islamic State's tactics and formulate a new plan of action. Forces fighting the Islamic State must look at the region as a single integrated basin and bring bodies of water — and by extension, the populations dependent on them — to the forefront of their strategies. Water has always formed the core of civilizations; the Middle East — not to mention an Islamic State caliphate — is no different.

Without ensuring universal access to water, there can be no food security

Published: 15 May 2015

Short URL: http://farmlandgrab.org/24905

Posted in:  FAO | water

 Guardian | 15 May 2015



A new report on water for food security and nutrition shows how land, food and water issues are inextricably linked. This must be reflected in policymaking.

by Lyla Mehta

Ensuring universal access to water is vital in order to address food security and improve nutrition, yet recognition of the links between water and food are too often missed.

A major report on water for food security and nutrition, launched on Friday by the high-level panel of experts on food security and nutrition (HLPE), is the first comprehensive effort to bring together access to water, food security and nutrition. This report goes far beyond the usual focus on water for agriculture.

Safe drinking water and sanitation are fundamental to human development and wellbeing. Yet inadequate access to clean water undermines people’s nutrition and health through water-borne diseases and chronic intestinal infections.

The landmark report, commissioned by the committee on world food security (CFS), not only focuses on the need for access, it also makes important links between land, water and productivity. It underlines the message that water is integral to human food security and nutrition, as well as the conservation of forests, wetlands and lakes upon which all humans depend.

Policies and governance issues on land, water and food are usually developed in isolation. Against a backdrop of future uncertainties, including climate change, changing diets and water-demand patterns, there has to be a joined-up approach to addressing these challenges.

There are competing demands over water from different sectors such as agriculture, energy and industry. With this in mind, policymakers have to prioritise the rights and interests of the most marginalised and vulnerable groups, with a particular focus on women, when it comes to water access.

There is vast inequality in access to water, which is determined by socio-economic, political, gender and power relations. Securing access can be particularly challenging for smallholders, vulnerable and marginalised populations and women.

All around the world, water reform processes as well as large-scale land acquisitions often overlook and threaten the customary and informal rights of poor and marginalised women and men.

Moreover, women’s entitlements are often recorded as belonging to the male “head of the household”. Removing this gender bias in farming and water and providing equal access to resources for both male and female farmers would have a big impact on food security and nutrition.

Smallholder farmers produce more than 70% of the world’s food but often lack recognition of their land and water rights in formal legal systems. Women and girls frequently spend several hours a day collecting water but lack decision-making power when it comes to water management. Indigenous people are often displaced from their lands and rivers as a result of large infrastructure projects, and the interests of fisherfolk and pastoralists are rarely advanced in national policies.

Mechanisms to allocate water need to give adequate priority to water for food production as well as for the basic needs of poorest populations and those pushed to the edges of society.

There is increasing corporate interest in water, and states should ensure that investments respect basic rights to water and sanitation as well as food.

Taking these complexities into account, the report proposes ways to enhance the capacity of poor farmers to manage water and land and to increase water and agricultural productivity in a range of food production systems, improve governance and invest in metrics and knowledge.

The human right to safe drinking water and sanitation as well as the right to food are globally recognised. States should ensure the full implementation of these rights and explore how they can be meaningfully joined up.

The right to water largely focuses on safe drinking water and sanitation and rarely considers the productive uses of water. In Kenya, Colombia and Senegal, 71–75% of households use domestic water supplies for productive activities such as food gardening. Water is integral for sustainable livelihoods.

There is no doubt that land, food and water issues are linked. The barriers to joined-up national and global policies do not derive from a lack of technology or resources. Rather they are rooted in the absence of human rights, and the failure to recognise that water and food are intertwined.

The HLPE report argues for coherence on these issues at all levels of policymaking and management, from local to global. We are calling for a human rights approach to water governance to enhance food security and nutrition. Only this will ensure healthy and productive lives for all.

Lyla Mehta is leader of the project team for the HLPE report, and professorial fellow at the UK’s Institute of Development Studies

We cannot drink oil!

By Talib Murad Elam, Ph.D.

28.9.2013-Erbil-Kurdistan

Water covers 71% of the Earth's surface and is vital for all known forms of life. On Earth, 96.5% of the planet's water is found in seas and oceans, 1.7% in groundwater, 1.7% in glaciers and the ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland, a small fraction in other large water bodies, and 0.001% in the air as vapor, clouds formed of solid and liquid water particles suspended in air , and precipitation. Only 2.5% of the Earth's water is freshwater, and 98.8% of that water is in ice and groundwater. Less than 0.3% of all freshwater is in rivers, lakes, and the atmosphere, and an even smaller amount of the Earth's freshwater (0.003%) is contained within biological bodies and manufactured products.

Overuse of freshwater resources in the Gulf and North Africa.

Last autumn the ex-Amir of Qatar addressed the Food Security Summit in Rome last autumn and one wonders if our friends in Qatar believe that they are going to lead us in solving the region’s food security and water problems. If they could it would indeed be a miracle but the best that we could hope for is that they now recognize the damaging consequences caused by the Gulf States in some cash deprived countries.

The arid lands of the Gulf cannot be used for agriculture so these states have been busy grabbing all the available agricultural land and water in poor countries, mainly in Africa, and now they are eyeing the Kurdish region of Turkey, and while they offer to” help” the poorer countries ’‘develop their agriculture”’ they ensure that the food produced will go to feed the Gulf. In addition the populations of the Gulf States are swollen by foreigners working there and indeed there may be four to eight expatriates for every local inhabitant and these states would have less of a food security problem if they did not rely on excessive numbers of overseas workers.

Agricultural projects in the Gulf and many Arab countries have not met with great success as it is naturally difficult to raise crops in these hot, arid lands. When the Saudis embarked on producing their own wheat they relied on the country’s underground water reserves to irrigate the land. Such was the demand for water that they overused the country’s aquifers and the project failed but, when they could not grow wheat for bread, they turned to milk production and developed huge dairy farms. However the dairy cows in these farms are fed copious amounts of green fodder which naturally requires water to grow! Where does the water for this production of fodder plants come from when the aquifers have been depleted? Ironically the growing of green fodder needs much more water than growing cereals. Is the water produced by desalination plants? If so it is expensive fodder, but no doubt producing desalinated water for agriculture will be subsidized by the government.

The Gulf States started their agricultural development by relying on water from wells and there was a flurry of well digging by foreign workers in order to provide water for the farms that sprang up across the states. In addition the “farmers” of these Gulf States relied on foreign agricultural workers and I was told of many cases where the operation of pumps on well heads had been left to the whim of these workers who took little care to ensure water was not wasted. Most of these initial farming enterprises would prove to be no more than the “leisure activities” of the wealthy and no thought was given to the amount of water taken from the wells. I was in Qatar in the 1990s when the government proposed putting meters on the wells to monitor water usage and avoid waste of the precious commodity. However the proposal was met with such uproar from the land owners that it was never enforced.

At the same time the late Sheik Zaid of the United Arab Emirates, who wanted to see agricultural development in his arid country, encouraged the production of local food using underground water and foreign farm laborers. The main crop produced was tomatoes and truckloads of local tomatoes would be driven to the Abu Dhabi weighbridge where, depending on the weight of the truck’s cargo, large subsidies would be granted to the producer. Once the subsidy had been allocated the truck driver drove a short distance and dumped the load of unwanted vegetables! This was brought to notice when one of my colleagues in F.A.O. was sent to investigate a massive explosion of the fly population in Abu Dhabi only to find that the flies were thriving on the mountains of unwanted, subsidized, tomatoes, a crop that needs a lot of water to produce! The development of a canning or tomato puree plant to use this tomato crop would have avoided the fly problem and given some tangible result from the whole enterprise. However no one had given thought to the entire project and the consequences were a plague of flies and the waste of the country’s meager, irreplaceable, underground water reserves. It has to be said that whoever advised the U.A.E. to embark on this expensively, subsidized project decided to meet the wishes of the state’s ruler and turn a blind eye to the obvious outcome of wasting the limited water resources.

This story from Abu Dhabi is not the only case where a food production idea, put forward by a leader, political figure or prominent business man, was jumped at with no thought to the environmental impact or consequences of the enterprise. All too often the idea is grasped by those who are all too willing to please those in power, then bilateral or UN development agencies are called in to assist in the new project, and with blinkered eyes these specialists work to bring about the desired outcome. In such cases the environmental consequences may far outweigh any benefits of the venture not to mention the use of finances that could have been used to greater benefit elsewhere.

 In Kuwait FAO financially supported a Technical Co-operation Programme, using funds that the donors regularly allocated to poorer countries. The project was based on the allocation of several thousands of small plots of land (recognized as smallholdings in Europe) to individuals for the purpose of livestock production. This was supposed to help with the country’s food security yet the majority of the animals kept by the owners of the plots of land were exotic birds and animals with very few small ruminants and camels. The result was a proliferation of what in effect were small zoological collections kept by wealthy people and little was contributed towards food production for the Kuwaiti population.

In Libya in the early 70’s, at the insistence of Gaddafi, the ill-advised, Kufra agricultural development took place in the south east of the country. In 1976 I was a member of the organization committee of the Libya’s first veterinary conference in Benghazi and I accompanied a very large group of foreign visitors who were flown from Benghazi to Kufra to see the 250,000 sheep and the irrigated fields that were producing cereals and vegetables by the use of underground water. The desert had indeed become green and it was an unbelievable sight to see from the plane as we flew over the desert that was spotted with large circles of green! However the greening of the desert was short lived and a few years later the shifting dunes of sand reclaimed the land as the quantity of the available underground water had been grossly miscalculated. What a costly mistake!

The Alsarir project was a similar enterprise to the north of Kufra where one of my colleague, worked as part of a UN team and this suffered the same fate as Kufra. Following the failure of these endeavors, Gaddafi, following the advice he was given and determinate to secure water for drinking and food production, started to talk about developing a great man-made river to bring water from the south of the country to the more populated north. This project, costing US$ 25 billion, was executed by Korean companies over several years and consisted of producing 1,300 wells to take water from a fossil aquifer and pump it, in especially constructed pipes that were several metres in diameter, northwards. The original estimation was that there was sufficient water in the aquifer to meet the needs of Libya for thousands of years now that figure has been amended to 50 to 60 years and if the Libyan population and its demand for water continues to increase at the present rate the country will have no alternative other than to turn to the desalination of sea water to meet its needs. This is an expensive alternative costing 10 times more that the man-made river – if these estimates prove to be correct! In short Libya will spend all of its oil revenues on desalinating water and importing its food. This would prove Gadaffi to have been right when he repeatedly preached to the country, “If a nation does not produce its own food it will be a slave to the others.” In the 10 years I spent in Libya I heard this almost every day on the state’s radio and television.

The situation in Kurdistan

I am concerned that here in Kurdistan we are ignoring what happened in other countries of the region while agriculture is not given any priority by the leading elite as they are bedazzled by the newly acquired oil wealth. I had only been in the country a few weeks when I was told by a leading politician, “Agriculture is not important when we have oil!”, and sadly I have heard this view many times since. Just as I have seen in many other oil producing countries the majority of agricultural land in Kurdistan is now being used for other purposes.  All too often agricultural land is now used for“leisure activities” or the construction of villas surrounded by several donums of land with barbed wire fencing and the obligatory wells, and the latter may or may not be legal.

An indication of how serious the depletion of our agricultural production (and land) is can be found on the KRG investment website which reveals how much land and money has been ‘invested’ in activities other than agriculture. Today the majority of people are ‘after a fast buck’ and both the government and most of the population are more interested in enterprises that offer a quick turnover while foreign investors are attracted to Kurdistan to provide service industries. At the same time we are faced with a surfeit of food and drink imports from the immediate neighbouring countries which are upstream from us and control the amount of water that flows into our lands. An indication of how little importance is attributed to agriculture in Kurdistan is that only one of the 16 Ministers of Agriculture appointed in the last 21 years (during separate or joint administrations) has been an agriculturist while the Director Generals were political appointees and only some of these had an agricultural background.

While the powers that be are dismissing the agricultural sector as being of little significance little attention is being paid to the continual reduction in the flow of rivers and streams entering the country or the increasing demand placed on our aquifers. The number of “authorized” wells in the KRG area at the end of 2012 stood at 18,000, according to the Ministry of Agriculture. More than half of these wells were identified as being used to supply water for industries, yet there is little evidence of industrial production. I have been informed by a reliable source that at some of these wells one can purchase a small tanker of water for 8 million ID and that this is the sole purpose of the well. In addition many of the new villas and small holdings that are springing up all over our countryside have their own well, with or without government approval. If government officials try to stop the construction of a well a telephone call from a member of the hierarchy will overturn any official decision, even at the ministerial level as most of the officials are political appointees.

 The lack of concern paid to the loss prime agricultural land becomes less significant when compared to the unconcern over the diminishing levels of water in the rivers flowing into the country. Turkey and Iran are adamant that water in the rivers that flow across their borders into Kurdistan is treated as a ‘commodity’. It seems that our governments easily make trade agreements with our two neighbours to import all sorts of goods, including food and drink, into Iraq yet, apart from raising a verbal concern over the reduction of water in our rivers and aquifers, they have failed to take the matter further. Meanwhile our neighbours are taking full advantage of the weak Iraqi state and are making tens of billions of US $ from exports to Iraq and Kurdistan. Even Syria, suffering from civil unrest for 3 years, still manages to export its products to us!

Importing goods from Syria at the present time is an indication of how unconcerned we have become as to where our food comes from. Turkey, Iran and Syria are profiting from exporting food to us so obviously we should use this to our advantage in order to prevent them continuing to deprive us of water. No doubt there are those who would query this idea stating that we are buying the food that has been produced with the water we no longer receive but we are not only being denied water that could be used in agriculture but very soon we will not have enough for us all to drink!  

NASA's warning about the Euphrates-Tigris River Basin.

 In a paper published in the Journal of Water Resources Research (February 2013) researchers from NASA and others published their findings on the water situation in the Tigris-Euphrates River basin. These researchers have provided a disturbing figure for the total loss of fresh water from the basin from 2003 to 2009 of 144 billion m³. A few points must be taken into consideration with this figure of total water loss. The researchers were concerned with the water loss in the Tigris-Euphrates river basin and not the water loss in a specific country. Therefore the 144 billion cubic meters of water loss is from an area of 753,960Km² covering the South West of Iran, South East of Turkey, North West Syria and Northern and Central Iraq.The total water loss is over 7 years from 2003-2009,  and consists of  3 main parts, 20% was lost by evaporation in the soil, 20% from lakes and reservoirs, 60% loss by the decline in the groundwater where humans have pumped water from the ground (wells, boreholes) for usage.

The river Nile receives 55 billion cubic meters annually and we can see that in 7 years the water loss in the Tigris Euphrates basin is equivalent to three times the water in the Nile in any one year!

 

The researchers highlighted several issues of MAJOR concern to Iraq:

·        When there is a water shortage, the rivers supply less water to Iraq, so that Iraq relies on boreholes which then decrease the groundwater levels (this groundwater can be considered non-renewable).

·        The water loss is accelerating, especially after 2007.

·        The areas with the greatest water loss and most likely to be affected in the future are the areas furthest downstream i.e. Iraq (including South Iraq).

·        The water loss is exasperated by poor local water management.

·        The water loss is considerably exasperated by a lack of cooperation in water management between the countries concerned.

·        Turkey’s construction of dams means that Iraq therefore has less water supplied by the rivers and must then rely even more on its depleting groundwater. This situation will be exacerbated by any drought.

The lack of international cooperation water management in the region is already affecting will the lives of the people who depend on the waters of the Euphrates and Tigris.

The threat posed by Turkey’s actions

The increasing utilization of water from the Tigris and Euphrates by upstream countries is also of concern to nations outside of the region. A roundtable meeting for delegates from the nations concerned was organized by Blue Peace in the Houses of Parliament, London in December 2012 and this was followed by another meeting in Istanbul, in March 2013. I participated in both meetings but so far the only outcome has been that delegates from outside the region are even more concerned over the developing situation. Their concern was raised by Turkey’s representative making it very clear that they regard water as a commodity that they can sell. In addition they did not deny that they plan to sell agricultural land, irrigated by the water from the 22 dams constructed so far under the Turkish Southeastern Anatolia Project (Güneydoğu Anadolu Projesi,GAP) project and those that they plan to construct, to other countries with limited agricultural land such as the Gulf States.

The lake behind the Ataturk Dam on the Euphrates alone is more than 40km³ in volume yet there has been no significant discussion on management of the waters of the Tigris and Euphrates that has involved leaders of the countries of the Tigris and Euphrates. It appears that those outside the countries dependant on these rivers for water recognize the severity of the consequences of Turkey’s actions and are more concerned while, within Turkey itself, there have been protests over the flooding of land and the forced relocation of thousands of Turkish Kurds from their homes and villages and the loss of World Heritage sites. Within Iraq the fall in river levels has had repercussions on water supplies and a significant impact on the marshlands of the south.

Loss of rivers and streams flowing across the border with Iran

In addition to Turkey’s depletion of Iraq’s major rivers Iran has dammed more than 24 small rivers and streams that also supply Kurdistan and Iraq. Some of these rivers have completely dried up such as the Alwand removing the drinking water supply for almost 1.5 million people. Photographs of the Alwand in full flow and as it now is, a dry road for cars, were met with disbelief from members of the Blue Peace meeting in London in 2012. Until then the impact on Kurdistan and Iraq of Iran’s utilisation of water for irrigation had not been brought to public attention yet its actions are having a great impact. Iran is using the water for irrigation producing crops for its use and to export to its neighbor while we appear raise little objection to deprivation of water from our once fertile lands and happily buy Iran’s produce.   

The views of KRG’s General Director of Water Resources

The General Director of Water Resources, Kurdistan’s Ministry of Agriculture, has said that drought, construction of legal and illegal wells and the demand for water drinking and irrigation is having a major impact on Kurdistan’s underground water reserves and they are rapidly depleting.

He said that over the last 11 years the level of the underground water in some areas has dropped by 100 meters. In order to reach underground water one has to dig down 350m in Erbil and 250m in both Suliemaniah, and Duhok while 11 years ago one could reach underground water at only a depth of 180m to 220m in Erbil, 90 to 150m in Suliemaniah and 150m in Duhok.  The Director General said that the depth at which water is found is increasing at a dangerous rate. He further illustrated the problem by saying that in the Mala Omar district of Erbil the level at which ground water was found had increased by 18m but in the same area three years later the level had dropped a further 45m. Similarly over the past three years in Akre, and Halabja the underground water level has dropped 12m and 7m respectively and that while water usage has increased the snow and rainfall levels are decreasing annually.

In addition the DG was especially concerned about the digging of wells, especially illegally. He said there are 4,800, 7,828, and 2,034 legal wells in Erbil, Suli and Duhok, respectively, but there are also 2,000, 17,000 and 40 illegal wells in the three respective provinces. Most of these wells have been dug with Syrian-made equipment that has been banned in Syria in order to preserve that country’s underground water reserves. He has advised the government to take steps to provide water for drinking and irrigation from the rivers "…or one day the underground water will mix with other components and it cannot be used… the wells will also get dry … then a disaster will happen."

Action is needed now

It is high time that the governments in Baghdad and Erbil take steps to protect our vital supplies of water. We need restrictions on construction of new wells that are strictly adhered to and legislation on levels of water used for irrigation. Furthermore it is imperative that our governments enters formal negotiations with neighbouring states to safeguard our rivers and ensure that the river water we have depended on for millennia continues to flow through our lands.

For the last three years I have endeavored to make those in power in the KRG to take my advice and support agricultural development to no avail. The wealth of oil is blinding them to other issues but if they do not take immediate action to safeguard our water supplies then I am afraid that indeed all is lost and there is no hope for us. We are a landlocked country and, unlike Libya, we do not have the option of desalination plants to provide drinking water. Oil may bring us wealth and the ability to buy in all our food requirements today, but like our underground water reserves our oil reserves are finite and will finish one day. However before we sell all our oil our water reserves will have gone and everyone will learn the hard way that we cannot drink oil. 

http://www.kurdistanfoodsecurity.com/2013/09/we-cannot-drink-oil_27.html#links

http://digital.ahram.org.eg/Economy.aspx?Serial=1275693

http://www.kurdistanfoodsecurity.com/2013/02/blog-post_26.html#links

حرب المياه: بغداد بين العطش والغرق

بقلم: علي المعموري

تتزايد مشاكل العراقيّين يوماً بعد آخر، وهم يعانون الأمرَّين من جرّاء سوء إدارة الحكومة وعنف الجماعات الإرهابيّة التي أصبحت منتشرة في كل إنحاء البلد. وفي آخر التطوّرات، اتّجه كل واحد من الطرفَين -الحكومة والجماعات المسلحة- إلى استخدام المياه كأداة في صراعه مع الآخر. وفي صورة مضحكة مبكية، انقسمت بغداد قبل أيام إلى نصفَين: نصف يعاني من انقطاع المياه ونصف آخر يغرق في المياه.

 تستخدم الحكومة العراقيّة اليوم وكذلك الجماعات المسلحة في البلاد المياه، كأداة في صراعهما. وفي صورة مضحكة مبكية، انقسمت بغداد قبل أيام إلى نصفَين: نصف يعاني من انقطاع المياه ونصف آخر يغرق في المياه.

انطلقت فكرة حرب المياه من الأنبار، حيث تحوّلت العمليات العسكريّة المحدودة تدريجياً إلى حروب غير منتظمة يصعب الحسم فيها لصالح أي من الطرفَين، وذلك بسبب طول مدّتها ونوعيّة القتال الجاري هناك. فلجأ قادة عمليات الأنبار إلى ذلك قبل نحو عشرين يوماً عندما أغلق الجيش سدّ حديثة (240 كيلومتراً غرب بغداد) بهدف إغراق المناطق التي يتمركز فيها المسلحون. وقد تسبّب ذلك في إغراق مناطق سكنيّة أيضاً، بالإضافة إلى قطع المياه عن مناطق أخرى في الأنبار.

في المقابل، دفعت تلك الخطوة الجماعات الإرهابيّة إلى استخدام التكتيك نفسه. فقابلت هذا الفعل بمثله حين أغلقت ناظم الفلوجة في أوائل نيسان/أبريل الجاري، لبلوغ هدفَين محدَّدين: أولاً، إغراق المناطق المجاورة للفلوجة والتي تخضع لسيطرة الجيش. وسرعان ما أدّى ذلك إلى تعطيل سير حركة مركبات الجيش ومنعته من المضيّ بعملياته العسكريّة. ثانياً، التضييق على المحافظات الجنوبيّة ذات الأكثريّة الشيعيّة، بمنع وصول المياه إليهم. وقد أدّى ذلك إلى نقص كبير جداً في المياه في محافظة النجف على سبيل المثال. وهو ما دفع الحكومة المحليّة إلى اتخاذ إجراءات عاجلة لتجنّب قطع المياه عن المدينة.

وفي تطوّر آخر يخصّ ملف حرب المياه، قام بعض الإرهابيّين قبل أسبوعَين بتفجير أنابيب النفط في ناحية العلم التابعة لمدينة تكريت (160 كيلومتراً شمال بغداد)، ما أدّى إلى تلويث نهر دجلة بشكل كبير. فقد طافت بقع كبيرة من الزيوت على سطح النهر وشبّت حرائق كبيرة جداً في مناطق مختلفة واقعة على ضفافه، من تكريت وصولاً إلى مناطق قريبة من بغداد.

وبعد أن بلغ التلوّث المائي بغداد، أعلنت أمانة بغداد في 23 نيسان/أبريل الجاري عن وقف عمليّة ضخّ مياه الشرب إلى قسم من المناطق السكنيّة في بغداد، بسبب عجز المصافي عن معالجة المياه الملوّثة بشكل كبير. وقد أفاد شهود عيان "المونيتور" بوجود بقع كبيرة من التلوّث النفطي في مواقع مختلفة من دجلة في ضواحي بغداد. أما الأمانة فأوصت المواطنين باستخدام المياه المعبأة في قوارير، للشرب والنظافة والاستخدامات الأخرى.

ويجري ذلك في حين أن المناطق الغربيّة من بغداد مثل أبو غريب وضواحيها قد غرقت من جرّاء السيول والفيضانات، نتيجة تحكّم الإرهابيّين بناظم الفلوجة بحسب ما ذكر آنفاً. وقد أدّى الأمر إلى تشرّد سبعمائة عائلة وغرق ستّ قرى بالكامل. وأعلن نواب في البرلمان ومسؤولين محليّين عن أعداد تخمينيّة للضحايا والخسائر التي تنبئ بوقوع كارثة إنسانيّة كبيرة جداً، إذ هدّم أو تضرّر عشرة آلاف منزل وأكثر من ستين مدرسة وغرق 29 مركزاً انتخابياً بالكامل. وثمّة أنباء عن أعداد غير قليلة من القتلى والجرحى، لم يعلن عنها لحدّ الآن. وقد عبّر الخبراء عن تخوّفهم الكبير من تزايد الخسائر والضحايا في الأيام المقبلة، عندما تصل الفيضانات إلى مناطق الشعلة والعامرية وحي الجهاد ومناطق أخرى قريبة من مطار بغداد في خلال يومَين إلى ثلاثة أيام، في حال لم تتمّ السيطرة على سدّ الفلوجة. وقد أعلنت الأمم المتحدة منطقة أبو غريب "منطقة منكوبة"، وقال الممثل الخاص للأمين العام للأمم المتحدة في العراق نيكولاي ملادينوف إن المنظّمة الأمميّة على استعداد تام لتقديم المساعدة لآلاف الأسر المتضرّرة من جرّاء إغراق الأراضي في أبو غريب والفلوجة.

قد لا تكون حرب المياه قد وضعت بعد كل أوزارها، إذ ثمّة إمكانيات كثيرة أخرى لدى أطراف النزاع قد تستخدم للتلاعب بصحة المواطنين العراقيّين وحياتهم، من خلال إغلاق السدود أو تفجيرها أو تسميم المياه. ومن شأن ذلك أن يسعّر الصراع المعقّد في الأساس ويأخذه في اتجاهات أكثر تعقيداً، ما سيبعد احتمال تطبيق الحلول العقلانيّة ويؤدّي بالجميع إلى الخسارة.

المونتر29.4.2014


: http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/ar/originals/2014/04/water-baghdad-iraq-war.html#ixzz30jOYk0I5




تعليق الموقع على المقاله

يكاد العراق ان يكون اكثر  دولة ارتبط اسمها بحروب ومشاحنات المياه، وكانت  اول حرب من اجل  المياه قد  سُجلت في العراق قبل 4500 سنة بين ولايتين من ولايات جنوب العراق رغم انها كانت تنعم بمياه وفيرة، كما   استخدمت  المياه  في الحرب الايرانية العراقية وبنفس الطريقه التي يستخدمها الان الجيش العراقي و منظمة داعش الارهابية في شمال غرب العراق ، وقد هدد قبل شهرين  محمود الحسن احد اعضاء برلمان بغداد عن كتلة المالكي بغزو كوردستان عسكريا واحتلال السدود.

 و المصيبه الكبرى هو مايحدث لنا بيد جيراننا التي تتعامل مع المياه وكأنها سلعة ، فهم يحبذون بيع منتجاتهم الزراعية  لنا بمليارات الدولارات بدلا من السماح   للمياه بعبور الحدود وذلك بإنشاء السدود او بتغير مجاري الانهار....
 والمتابع يمكنه تصفح هذا الموقع ليعرف حقيقة جيراننا وماذا ستؤل اليه مشكلة المياه في العراق. 

تعليق الموقع على المقاله
يكاد العراق ان يكون اكثر  دولة ارتبط اسمها بحروب ومشاحنات المياه.  ان اول حرب من اجل  المياه قد  سُجلت في العراق قبل 4500 سنة بين ولايتين من ولايات جنوب العراق رغم انها كانت تنعم بمياه وفيرة، كما استخدمت  المياه  في الحرب الايرانية العراقية وبنفس الطريقه التي يستخدمها الان الجيش العراقي و منظمة داعش الارهابية في شمال غرب العراق ، وقد هدد قبل شهرين  محمود الحسن احد اعضاء برلمان بغداد عن كتلة المالكي بغزو كوردستان عسكريا واحتلال السدود. المصيبه الكبرى هو مايحدث لنا بيد جيراننا التي تتعامل مع المياه وكأنها سلعة ، فهم يحبذون بيع منتجاتهم الزراعية  لنا بمليارات الدولارات بدلا من السماح   للمياه بعبور الحدود وذلك بإنشاء السدود او بتغير مجاري الانهار....

 والمتابع يمكنه تصفح هذا الموقع ليعرف حقيقة جيراننا وماذا ستؤل اليه مشكلة المياه في العراق

معركة المياه الصراع القادم

 

كانت المنافسة الجيوسياسية الدولية المحتدمة على الموارد الطبيعية سبباً في تحويل بعض الموارد الاستراتيجية إلى محركات للصراع على السلطة. فقد تحولت موارد المياه العابرة للحدود الوطنية مصدراً نشطاً بشكل خاص للمنافسة والصراع، فانطلق سباق محموم لبناء السدود وارتفعت دعوات متنامية تطالب الأمم المتحدة بالاعتراف بالمياه باعتبارها مصلحة أمنية أساسية. إن المياه تختلف عن غيرها من الموارد الطبيعية. ففي كل الأحوال، هناك بدائل للعديد من الموارد، بما في ذلك النفط، ولكن لا توجد بدائل للمياه. وعلى نحو مماثل، تستطيع البلدان أن تستورد الوقود الأحفوري، والخامات المعدنية، والموارد من المحيط الحيوي مثل الأسماك والأخشاب؛ ولكن لا يمكنهم استيراد المياه التي تعد مورداً محلياً في الأساس على نطاق واسع ولفترات طويلة ــــ ناهيك عن كونها دائمة. إن الماء أكثف من النفط، الأمر الذي يجعل شحنه أو نقله عبر مسافات طويلة ولو حتى عن طريق خطوط أنابيب أمراً باهظ التكلفة ''ويحتاج إلى مضخات ضخمة وكثيفة الاستهلاك للطاقة''. إن المفارقة التي تنطوي عليها مسألة المياه هي أنها تدعم الحياة ولكنها قد تكون أيضاً سبباً للموت عندما تصبح ناقلة لميكروبات فتاكة أو تتخذ هيئة موجة مد عارمة ''تسونامي''، أو فيضانات مفاجئة، أو عواصف، أو أعاصير. والعديد من أعظم الكوارث الطبيعية في عصرنا ــــ بما في ذلك كارثة فوكوشيما في عام 2011، على سبيل المثال ــــ كانت مرتبطة بالمياه. ومن المنتظر أن يفرض الانحباس الحراري العالمي على الإمدادات من مياه الشرب ضغوطاً متزايدة ــــ حتى مع ارتفاع مستوى سطح المحيطات واشتداد قوة وتواتر العواصف وزيادة أحداث الطقس المتطرفة الأخرى. والواقع أن التوسع الاقتصادي والديموغرافي السريع تسبب بالفعل في تحويل القدرة على الوصول إلى مياه الشرب إلى قضية كبرى عبر أقسام كبيرة من العالم. وقد عملت التغيرات التي طرأت على أساليب الحياة على تحفيز الزيادة في معدل استهلاك الفرد من المياه، مع تسبب ارتفاع الدخول في تشجيع تغير الأنظمة الغذائية، وخاصة ارتفاع مستويات استهلاك اللحوم، التي يتطلب إنتاجها عشرة أمثال المياه المطلوبة في المتوسط لإنتاج السعرات الحرارية والبروتينات النباتية. اليوم أصبح عدد سكان العالم من البشر أكثر قليلاً من سبعة مليارات، ولكن أعداد الماشية لا تقل في أي وقت عن 150 مليارا. والبصمة البيئية المباشرة التي تخلفها الماشية أكبر من تلك التي يخلفها السكان من البشر، مع تحول الاستهلاك العالمي السريع الارتفاع من اللحوم في حد ذاته إلى محرك أساسي للضغط على المياه. الآن، تدور بالفعل حروب سياسية واقتصادية في العديد من المناطق، وهو ما ينعكس في بناء السدود على الأنهار الدولية والدبلوماسية القسرية أو غير ذلك من السبل لمنع مثل هذه الأعمال. ولنتأمل هنا على سبيل المثال حرب المياه الصامتة الناجمة عن بناء إثيوبيا لسد على النيل الأزرق، الذي أثار تهديدات مصرية بشن عمليات عسكرية انتقامية سرية أو علنية. في العام الماضي، حَذَّر تقرير مشترك من قِبل هيئات استخباراتية أميركية من أن استخدام المياه كسلاح في الحرب أو أداة للإرهاب قد يصبح أكثر احتمالاً في العقد المقبل في بعض المناطق. وقد دعا مجلس العمل المشترك، الذي يتألف من أكثر من ثلاثين رئيساً سابقاً من رؤساء الدول أو الحكومات، إلى اتخاذ تدابير عاجلة لمنع بعض البلدان التي تعاني نقصا شديدا في المياه من التحول إلى دول فاشلة. من جانبها، رفعت وزارة الخارجية الأمريكية مسألة المياه إلى مستوى ''المصالح المركزية للسياسية الخارجية الأمريكية''. في العديد من البلدان، يعمل نقص المتاح من المياه على المستوى المحلي بشكل متزايد على تقييد القرارات حول مكان إقامة المنشآت الصناعية الجديدة ومحطات الطاقة. ووفقاً لتقديرات البنك الدولي فإن مثل هذه القيود تكلف الصين 2.3 في المائة من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي. ورغم هذا فإن الصين لم تندرج بعد تحت فئة الدول التي تعاني نقصا في المياه. أما الدول التي تعاني نقص المياه، والتي تمتد من كوريا الجنوبية والهند إلى مصر وإسرائيل، فإنها تدفع ثمناً أعلى في مواجهة مشاكل المياه لديها. بيد أن الزيادات الكبيرة في الطلب على المياه لا يحركها النمو الاقتصادي والديموغرافي أو الإنتاج الإضافي من الطاقة والتصنيع والغذاء لتلبية مستويات الاستهلاك المتزايدة فحسب، بل وتدفعها أيضاً حقيقة مفادها أن سكان العالم أصبحوا أكثر بدانة. فقد كان مؤشر متوسط كتلة الجسم للبشر في ازدياد في فترة ما بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية، ولكنه تضاعف في العقود الثلاثة الأخيرة منذ ثمانينيات القرن العشرين بشكل خاص بسبب انتشار البدانة. الآن، وبعد أن ولى عصر المياه الرخيصة الوفيرة وحلت محله القيود على المعروض من المياه ومدى جودتها، بدأ العديد من المستثمرين ينظرون إلى المياه باعتبارها النفط الجديد. ويشهد الصعود الهائل لصناعة المياه المعبأة منذ تسعينيات القرن العشرين على تحويل المورد الأكثر أهمية في العالم إلى سلعة على نحو متزايد. والواقع أن نقص المياه ليس من المرجح أن يزداد حدة وانتشاراً فحسب، بل إن المستهلكين أيضاً سيكون لزاماً عليهم أن يدفعوا المزيد في مقابل احتياجاتهم من المياه. ولا يمكن تخفيف هذه الكارثة المزدوجة إلا من خلال الإدارة المبدعة للمياه والحفاظ عليها، عن طريق تطوير مصادر الإمداد غير التقليدية. فكما هي الحال في قطاع النفط والغاز ــــ حيث أثبت استخدام المصادر غير التقليدية، بما في ذلك الغاز الصخري ورمال القار، أنه قادر على تغيير القواعد برمتها ــــ فإن قطاع المياه لابد أن يتبنى كل الخيارات غير التقليدية، بما في ذلك إعادة تدوير مياه الصرف الصحي وتحلية مياه المحيطات والمياه المالحة. باختصار، يتعين علينا أن نركز على معالجة مشاكل إمدادات المياه التي تواجهنا ما دامت حياتنا تتوقف عليها.   براهما تشيلاني أستاذ الدراسات الاستراتيجية في مركز أبحاث السياسات في نيودلهي ، وأحدث مؤلفاته كتاب بعنوان ''طواغيت آسيا: صعود الصين والهند واليابان''.